IFR Route Filing and Lost Comm Procedures

I find it interesting that Ron Levy's quote on IFR radio communication failure occurs in the Emergencies section of 7110.65, but the initial letter says
Granted in an emergency situation (emphasis added: “emergency situation”), § 91.3(b) does permit a pilot to deviate from any rule in part 91 to the extent required to meet the emergency. However, a loss of communication is not automatically an emergency. Under a loss of communications, ATC would expect the pilot to comply with § 91.185, unless there is an emergency.
 
I find it interesting that Ron Levy's quote on IFR radio communication failure occurs in the Emergencies section of 7110.65, but the initial letter says
I can't explain why the FAA chose to put it in that part of the ATC Handbook. In any event, I'm not convinced that John's analysis on that is correct, since he didn't reference 91.205(d)(2) and 91.7(b), which suggest that an aircraft is unairworthy for IFR flight without 2-way comm, comm is electrical in nature, and that the flight must be "discontinued" if an unairworthy electrical conditions arises in flight. However, the point here is that the guidance to ATC references the guidance to pilots, and we pilots have been given our guidance by AFS.
 
It looks to me that their guidance is fairly clear but somewhat impractical. For one thing it's not at all uncommon for an approach and it's IAF to become unacceptable during the time between filing and landing which is often several hours. And if you carry this all the way, any diversion to a destination other than the flight planned original and many ATC assigned re-routes would require a new IAF to be included in the revised clearance and AFaIK this does not happen, ever. Finally, I'd like to see the FAA resolve the oft stated desire by controllers for NORDOs to exit controlled airspace expiditously with the FAA's policy of flying the filed plan complete with a hold at the IAF if the arrival occurs before the planned ETE. Can you imagine the chaos and cursing if someone did this going into TEB or worse yet JFK, ORD, or ATL?

The response that Ron got (thanks for the effort Ron) sounds like something that came from a desk jockey that doesn't really understand the system but (unfortunately) thinks he does.
+1

I'm curious when these lost communication regs were originally written. I'm thinking it was in a time with much less traffic and much less radar coverage.
 
I'm curious when these lost communication regs were originally written. I'm thinking it was in a time with much less traffic and much less radar coverage.
I think you're right. Other than the removal of the "expect approach clearance" verbiage about 20 years ago, they have not changed significantly since I got my IR in 1971, and I don't think they've changed much since they were first written other than the addition of language to cover radar vectors when radar came about. Anyone remember back to DC-3's and 4-course ranges in the 1930's? At the same time, with the technological advances in radios, I suspect the rate of occurrence of true lost comm situations (not counting the occasional temporary lost comm due to switchology or the like) has plummeted, making this a low priority for anything other than IR practical tests.
 
No, but based on roncachamp's posts, it is possible (though not, I think, likely) that ATO is telling its controllers to expect something different than what AFS is telling pilots.

Is there evidence that ATO is telling its controllers ANYTHING on this subject?

All I know is that almost all of the controllers whom I've seen post online about this subject have said something different from what AFS is now saying. They have, in effect, said that they don't have any expectations about what pilots will do, because they have said that they just clear the airpace and wait to see what the pilot does. That's probably the safest way to handle it, given that there may not be any way that a pilot could lose the ability to hear ATC instructions without it being an emergency. At least I can't think of a way.

http://forums.aopa.org/showpost.php?p=996723&postcount=62

They've also said they don't want people holding until the ETA when they have been cleared all the way to the airport. If I start hearing something different from controllers, then I'll know that something has changed in ATC-land.
 
I posted the entire contents of the document sent to me -- the only alteration was the addition of a couple of boldfaces for emphasis. Unfortunately, it's a Word 2007 .docx file, which this board won't accept for upload, so I can't post the actual file John sent me. And if you don't believe it's real, feel free to contact John Lynch at AFS-810 to verify it.

If you'd like, Ron, just to shut this guy up, if you email it to me, I can PDF it and attach it. Seems that'll be the only way to finally prove that when it comes to FARs and aviation law, you're the man with this stuff.

nickdbrennan@gmail.com

Seriously, I don't mean to get personal, but I would honestly hope that after reading Roncachamps stuff, pilots recognize that he is an ATCer, and presumably one that is trying to get as many PDs as he can, because he's spread false information an awful lot lately.
 
Seems that'll be the only way to finally prove that when it comes to FARs and aviation law, you're the man with this stuff.

I think that Ron and Steve both have a lot to contribute on these subjects, but no one is right 100% of the time. We still have to think for ourselves.
 
Thanks, Nick -- I knew how to do that but hadn't thought of it. Here it is. And I have permission from AFS-810 to distribute it despite the "internal use only" marking.
 

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Is there evidence that ATO is telling its controllers ANYTHING on this subject?
Other than what's in 7110.65, nothing else of which I am aware.
All I know is that almost all of the controllers whom I've seen post online about this subject have said something different from what AFS is now saying. They have, in effect, said that they don't have any expectations about what pilots will do, because they have said that they just clear the airpace and wait to see what the pilot does. That's probably the safest way to handle it, given that there may not be any way that a pilot could lose the ability to hear ATC instructions without it being an emergency. At least I can't think of a way.
I've seen that written many times before, usually with the caveat that it's not what 91.185(c) says.
They've also said they don't want people holding until the ETA when they have been cleared all the way to the airport. If I start hearing something different from controllers, then I'll know that something has changed in ATC-land.
I've seen that, too, in pubs like IFR magazine, and again, always with the caveat that it's not by the books the pilots are given.
 
I think that Ron and Steve both have a lot to contribute on these subjects, but no one is right 100% of the time. We still have to think for ourselves.
+1

Whatever you might think of roncachamp's posting style he still sometimes makes some good points. Yes, they are from the perspective of ATC but there is nothing wrong with that. I'm pretty sure that there is some controversy even within ATC about the interpretation of some things, just like there is with pilots. As Palmpilot says, the best thing to do is to listen to what other people have to say, do some research and think for yourself.
 
I've seen that written many times before, usually with the caveat that it's not what 91.185(c) says.

I've often seen it accompanied by the argument that 91.185(c)(3) doesn't apply when you're cleared all the way to the destination airport. Prior to the AFS letter, I think that argument had some appeal because the subject of 91.185(c)(3) is stated as "Leave clearance limit," and there's no need to leave the clearance limit once you've arrived at the airport. That never managed to settle the arguments though. :smile:

I'm still trying to think of a situation where I could justify flying all the way to the destination under the rules of 91.185, and am thinking that in case of an audio panel failure, my Garmin 296 would be a good enough backup to make up for the loss of Morse ID capability, as long as the flight was not too long. (With a really long flight, I might be concerned that the GPS battery might run down.) I also doubt that I would want to head into the Sierras with that setup. But there might be destinations where I could justify continuing, so I guess the discussion is not COMPLETELY moot, although it is still probably too rare to justify the attention we all are giving it. :D
 
Seriously, I don't mean to get personal, but I would honestly hope that after reading Roncachamps stuff, pilots recognize that he is an ATCer, and presumably one that is trying to get as many PDs as he can, because he's spread false information an awful lot lately.

What false information do you believe I've spread?
 
Whatever you might think of roncachamp's posting style he still sometimes makes some good points. Yes, they are from the perspective of ATC but there is nothing wrong with that.

Actually, my points are from the perspective of ATC and pilot.
 
What false information do you believe I've spread?

2 examples:
A pilot is free to disregard an instruction given by ATC because it may not be valid (blatently in the face of a FAR that says otherwise)

This thread, which is pretty specific in guidance from the FAA in the form that interpretations are generally spread.

I'm sure there's more.
 
I've often seen it accompanied by the argument that 91.185(c)(3) doesn't apply when you're cleared all the way to the destination airport. Prior to the AFS letter, I think that argument had some appeal because the subject of 91.185(c)(3) is stated as "Leave clearance limit," and there's no need to leave the clearance limit once you've arrived at the airport. That never managed to settle the arguments though. :smile:
Until now, and with that more specific AFS guidance, I think we've put that one to bed.
I'm still trying to think of a situation where I could justify flying all the way to the destination under the rules of 91.185, and am thinking that in case of an audio panel failure, my Garmin 296 would be a good enough backup to make up for the loss of Morse ID capability, as long as the flight was not too long. (With a really long flight, I might be concerned that the GPS battery might run down.) I also doubt that I would want to head into the Sierras with that setup. But there might be destinations where I could justify continuing, so I guess the discussion is not COMPLETELY moot, although it is still probably too rare to justify the attention we all are giving it. :D
To a great extent, I was trying to get an answer on what the "textbook" answer is, and I think I got that. This is often an issue on IR practical tests, in which the examiner asks "what do the regs say to do," which is a test of your rote knowledge. The answer to that question is now clear to me. The examiner usually then asks, "what would you really do," and that's a test of your judgement, not your rote knowledge. The examiner is looking to see that you know both what the rules are and also when to deviate from them in order to choose the safest course in an emergent situation.
 
2 examples:

You said I've "spread false information an awful lot lately." Two examples do not seem like an awful lot to me.

A pilot is free to disregard an instruction given by ATC because it may not be valid (blatently in the face of a FAR that says otherwise)

I don't think I said a pilot is free to disregard an instruction given by ATC because it may not be valid, I believe I said pilots could disregard invalid ATC instructions. I don't believe you'll find a FAR that requires pilots to adhere to invalid instructions, nor do I think you can find a case where a pilot was violated for ignoring an invalid instruction.

This thread, which is pretty specific in guidance from the FAA in the form that interpretations are generally spread.

What false information do you believe I provided to this thread?

I'm sure there's more.

I doubt there is any at all.
 
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Two doesn't seem like an awful lot to me.



I don't think I said a pilot is free to disregard an instruction given by ATC because it may not be valid, I believe I said pilots could disregard invalid ATC instructions. I don't believe you'll find a FAR that requires pilots to adhere to invalid instructions, nor do I think you can find a case where a pilot was violated for ignoring an invalid instruction.



What false information do you believe I provided to this thread?



I doubt there is any at all.

Well ok then. I've lost trust in you for pilot stuff, but hey, good on ya. At least you were able to get your points out.

Maybe you know what you're talking about with ATC stuff. I'm doubtful, but hey, just maybe.
 
Here's a question, why does DUATS reject certain IAFs in the routing box?

Ahh, these are the times I'm glad Joe really kicked my ass on the Instrument rating... I actually know the answer!!!

Can anyone enlighten me as to why certain LOMs that are IAFs are rejected and "un-fileable," while others are OK? Does it make a difference if you are talking to a human FSS specialist versus typing into DUATS? Is it operator error?

GAMIE, POBER, and FAMIS are not part of the enroute fix structure (look at your L-chart, they're not on there).

That's also why there are transition routes depicted for them. On the ILS 3 ATW, to use GAMIE as your IAF you'd file to GRB and fly the transition route. On the ILS 36 OSH, you'd file to the OSH VOR and fly the transition route. For the ILS 6 GRB, you'd file to the GRB VOR and fly the transition route.

However, if you look at the ILS 36 GRB, DEPRE is depicted on L-31, so you could file to it. There is still a transition route depicted from GRB on the plate, but presumably that's so that you can fly it without an ADF.

For a better example, look at the ILS 32 KJVL. TIRRO is an IAF, but it's also part of the enroute structure (Depicted on L-28 on V24-97, 12 miles from JVL VOR). Betcha ten bucks you could file to TIRRO through DUAT. :yes:

The ILS 4 JVL is also interesting - It has three IAF's that are all part of the enroute structure. However, the WEAVE OM is not and has no transition routes to it. (It's not a LOM, and it's very close to the VOR anyway.) There are no transition routes on the plate at all, because every IAF is part of the enroute structure.
 
Here's a question, why does DUATS reject certain IAFs in the routing box?

Ahh, these are the times I'm glad Joe really kicked my ass on the Instrument rating... I actually know the answer!!!

Can anyone enlighten me as to why certain LOMs that are IAFs are rejected and "un-fileable," while others are OK? Does it make a difference if you are talking to a human FSS specialist versus typing into DUATS? Is it operator error?

GAMIE, POBER, and FAMIS are not part of the enroute fix structure (look at your L-chart, they're not on there).

That's also why there are transition routes depicted for them. On the ILS 3 ATW, to use GAMIE as your IAF you'd file to GRB and fly the transition route. On the ILS 36 OSH, you'd file to the OSH VOR and fly the transition route. For the ILS 6 GRB, you'd file to the GRB VOR and fly the transition route.

It's not consistent though. I tried entering MUNSO in a flight plan to KMRY, and DUAT took it just fine in spite of its not being on the enroute chart.

http://naco.faa.gov/d-tpp/0906/00271IL10R.PDF

http://skyvector.com/#49-403-2-1704-3828
 
Well ok then. I've lost trust in you for pilot stuff, but hey, good on ya. At least you were able to get your points out.

Maybe you know what you're talking about with ATC stuff. I'm doubtful, but hey, just maybe.

You should lose trust in everyone in these forums. Believe only what can be supported by verifiable documentation.
 
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GAMIE, POBER, and FAMIS are not part of the enroute fix structure (look at your L-chart, they're not on there).

That's also why there are transition routes depicted for them. On the ILS 3 ATW, to use GAMIE as your IAF you'd file to GRB and fly the transition route. On the ILS 36 OSH, you'd file to the OSH VOR and fly the transition route. For the ILS 6 GRB, you'd file to the GRB VOR and fly the transition route.

However, if you look at the ILS 36 GRB, DEPRE is depicted on L-31, so you could file to it. There is still a transition route depicted from GRB on the plate, but presumably that's so that you can fly it without an ADF

The ATC flight data processing computer will accept GAMIE, POBER and FAMIS, it will not accept DEPRE. DEPRE is on the charts because it's an MHW/LOM, usable for 25 NM. GAMIE, POBER and FAMIS are LOMs, usable for 15 NM. If you examine a few charts I believe you'll find all depicted NDBs are MH class or greater.
 
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So, what about holding 'til ETA/EFC? Good idea, or should (say in class B or C space) we commence the approach upon reaching the IAF, and get out of the way?

Being that a general concept of all this is to depart the IAF "as soon as possible to the ETA" I would hold even in the heavy airspace...this might give ATC a better "clue" as to your intentions and clear aircraft in your area. I would be nervous about midair/wake turb. or even runway incursion in the event the approach was commenced at IAF arrival.

Clay
CFII
 
Being that a general concept of all this is to depart the IAF "as soon as possible to the ETA" I would hold even in the heavy airspace...this might give ATC a better "clue" as to your intentions and clear aircraft in your area. I would be nervous about midair/wake turb. or even runway incursion in the event the approach was commenced at IAF arrival.

Clay
CFII

I would agree, except that I asked the question of controllers at Potomac Tracon once and was told that they would keep the airspace clear around my 7600 blip and they'd be happier if I just commenced the approach and got on the ground and out of their airspace as soon as possible. Essentially, as I approached the IAF, they'd close arrivals to the runway (or even the airport if they couldn't tell which approach I was using) until I was well established for a specific runway. That creates quite a backup for them.
 
Does ATC receive the ETA in the normal course of events?
 
Does ATC receive the ETA in the normal course of events?

Sometimes. If the clearance is delivered as filed the departure time is added to the filed ETE to produce an ETA that is appended to the route shown on ATC strips. If the clearance is other than as filed no ETA is appended as it would be bogus anyway. If the route is amended at any point the ETA is removed for the same reason. The result is ETAs don't usually survive to the destination.
 
I would pull out my cell phone and use it. By the time you are low enough to be holding at the approach fix you will be able to get reception. Even if you don't have an ATC number you can always call FSS.
 
I would pull out my cell phone and use it. By the time you are low enough to be holding at the approach fix you will be able to get reception. Even if you don't have an ATC number you can always call FSS.
The IFR clearance number (888-766-8267) would be the next best choice after the ATC facility in whose airspace you are -- they have hotlines to them all. 800-WX-BRIEF would be the third choice. And, of course, many (most?) pilots fly with handheld transceivers, too. When you look at it from a realistic viewpoint, with all the technology we have these days, it's hard to imagine how one could really completely lose the ability to communicate with ATC while IFR in the goo without losing so much other stuff that you'd be in a barn-burning emergency requiring immediate action to get on the ground without regard to 91.185(c).

For that reason, I view this whole discussion more as an academic exercise for the IR practical test than as anything more than background for the actual event (should it ever occur -- and who here has really lost all communication with ATC under IFR in the goo? I'm not talking about temporary loss due to a headset plug, missed frequency change, switchology problem, etc, I'm talking about being truly unable to reestablish comm with anyone outside the cockpit. The only time it ever happened to me was in an old military fighter with only one UHF radio and that's it for comm, and that was over 30 years ago (and they don't build 'em that way any more).
 
The IFR clearance number (888-766-8267) would be the next best choice after the ATC facility in whose airspace you are -- they have hotlines to them all. 800-WX-BRIEF would be the third choice. And, of course, many (most?) pilots fly with handheld transceivers, too. When you look at it from a realistic viewpoint, with all the technology we have these days, it's hard to imagine how one could really completely lose the ability to communicate with ATC while IFR in the goo without losing so much other stuff that you'd be in a barn-burning emergency requiring immediate action to get on the ground without regard to 91.185(c).

For that reason, I view this whole discussion more as an academic exercise for the IR practical test than as anything more than background for the actual event (should it ever occur -- and who here has really lost all communication with ATC under IFR in the goo? I'm not talking about temporary loss due to a headset plug, missed frequency change, switchology problem, etc, I'm talking about being truly unable to reestablish comm with anyone outside the cockpit. The only time it ever happened to me was in an old military fighter with only one UHF radio and that's it for comm, and that was over 30 years ago (and they don't build 'em that way any more).

Happened to me on a CFI checkride w/FSDO on the ILS to KLAS!!!
The examiner called the tower on his cell....the alternator bracket broke on the POS 172RG I was flying.
 
And, of course, many (most?) pilots fly with handheld transceivers, too. When you look at it from a realistic viewpoint, with all the technology we have these days, it's hard to imagine how one could really completely lose the ability to communicate with ATC while IFR in the goo without losing so much other stuff that you'd be in a barn-burning emergency requiring immediate action to get on the ground without regard to 91.185(c).

It's been my experience that handhelds are USELESS in airplanes (as transmitters at least) unless they're connected to an external antenna.

They MAY be ok as a receiver, but that can vary widely.

But I do agree that the most likely scenarios for losing all comms permanently will also include losing the entire avionics bus(ses). In which case, your handheld GPS and your knowledge of the weather within your remaining fuel range are your best friends.
 
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I have found that in order to make a hand-held work in an airplane, I need to put its antenna on a suction cup extension cable, mounted vertically in the window towards the station I'm trying to talk to. I also consider a headset adapter for the handheld to be a necessity.
 
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I'm with Gismo (WahtorSkeer), it's now clearer but not much more practical or expeditious. As written, the clarification works nicely for non-Class B airspaces. I'm sure my friends at KCLT would rather see a NORDO aircraft execute an approach at KSVH (Statesville) than to continue along.

Is there a historical reason why items like this aren't decide in terms of current practical-ness ?
 
I'm with Gismo (WahtorSkeer), it's now clearer but not much more practical or expeditious. As written, the clarification works nicely for non-Class B airspaces. I'm sure my friends at KCLT would rather see a NORDO aircraft execute an approach at KSVH (Statesville) than to continue along.
If your friends work at CLT Approach, I'm sure you're right. However, that doesn't matter when taking an IR practical test, and now we know the "correct" answer in that situation.
Is there a historical reason why items like this aren't decide in terms of current practical-ness ?
The facts that 1) it takes years to change an FAR, and 2) in many parts of the country they don't have radar to the surface and Class B control.
 
As I read that, it says:

You should file your flight plan to include an IAF if not GPS equipped - good practice, no argument. But they don't say you MUST file your flight plan to include an IAF. Then they say:

If you don't/didn't file to an IAF, if you're lost comm, you should depart your last filed/cleared waypoint for an IAF, and commence the approach at your ETA/EFC. OK, that works too. The issue I've often seen discussed in IFR magazine is whether you should wait to commence the approach until your ETA, or if you should get down and out of everyone's hair. IFR recommends that you basically navigate to the IAF and commence the approach and let ATC get the folks who they CAN talk to out of your way. However, it doesn't address the possibility that there's another NORDO airplane going to the same airport you are and he is "ahead" of you in the sequence because he has an earlier ETA.

Which of course is why it's best in a lost comm situation to take advantage of any VFR you encounter and land visually. You do give up some protection when NORDO in IMC.

...I know SNAFU, TU, and SWAG, but what the heck does NORDO mean?

...I love the idea of knowing where VFR is. Once in VFR, land and call FSS to cancel and let everyone else continue on with their lives.

...In an emergency you can do anything you want, and if you live to tell about it, the FAA may want you to fill out some paperwork. All of the controllers I have ever spoken to in the past 20 years indicated that the airspace is cleared for you and you should just continue and get out of the clouds. We usually are close to the arrival time anyway and trying to figure out what type of hold pattern and how many times around the patch could end up being what kills a pilot instead of just flying the approach.

I also agree to file to an initial approach fix. It drives me crazy when people just file to the airport, but have given no one, even themselves the picture of how they plan to go from enroute to the approach plate.
 
...I know SNAFU, TU, and SWAG, but what the heck does NORDO mean?

From the P/CG:


NORDO-
(See LOST COMMUNICATIONS.)

LOST COMMUNICATIONS- Loss of the ability to
communicate by radio. Aircraft are sometimes
referred to as NORDO (No Radio). Standard pilot
procedures are specified in 14 CFR Part 91. Radar
controllers issue procedures for pilots to follow in the
event of lost communications during a radar approach
when weather reports indicate that an aircraft will
likely encounter IFR weather conditions during the
approach.
 
If your friends work at CLT Approach, I'm sure you're right. However, that doesn't matter when taking an IR practical test, and now we know the "correct" answer in that situation.
The facts that 1) it takes years to change an FAR, and 2) in many parts of the country they don't have radar to the surface and Class B control.

I consider all controllers my friends! :smile:

Does not having radar to the surface and Class-B control really change things ? I'm just talking about being NORDO in IMC as the only problem. If I found myself NORDO, I would *want* to get out of the system and back on the ground as soon as practicable. I would want to be able find the nearest & best facility equipped (in terms of the approaches I may now be able to shoot and the help needed to fix my NORDO problem) and go there. Not trundle along on the flight plan, but at the same time it may not be necessary to declare an emergency just yet.

It seems like a lot of energy is expended to clarify and maintain a IR practical test item.

Help me understand when following the FAR would be preferred instead of diverting to the nearest and best facility.
 
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