The myth of spiraling slipstream?

Spiraling slipstream: is it real?

  • Yes

    Votes: 35 72.9%
  • No

    Votes: 2 4.2%
  • Don’t know

    Votes: 5 10.4%
  • Don’t care

    Votes: 6 12.5%

  • Total voters
    48
I don’t know. I don’t recognize the author’s name: Whovid Whatterson.

I purposely didn’t mention his name, hoping he was a member of pilots of America and would defend his own reasoning.
It looks like the editor of AOPA magazine has also vacated their backing with the following statement “we have removed the original article from our online archives and do not endorse its conclusions.”
 
I've only learned of spiraling slipstream (actually three out of the four "left turning tendencies") since I've been helping out with groundschool instruction. It was all just chalked up to P factor. But, you wonder how much torque, spiraling slipstream and gyroscopics actually contribute. It would be hard to tell them apart. Except for gyroscopics, which is transient and works both ways. I've never been conscious of it though.
This meant that almost every fighter aircraft that flew in WWII was designed by engineers ignorant of the effect. Do we REALLY think the designers of the P-51 were ignorant of such an effect...if it existed? Or, like me, did they figure that the torque effect overwhelmed any effect of the spiraling slipstream?
FWIW, on the P-51 there is so much torque that you need full right aileron at liftoff speed to counteract it.

Now...it should be noted that the author with the economics degree was one Wolfgang Langeweische. And, in fact, books published AFTER "Stick and Rudder" discussed the spiraling slipstream effect. But...again, no one computes it. No one provides the algorithms needed to determine what the effect on a given design would be...at least until FORTY YEARS AFTER "Stick and Rudder" was published (NASA report posted by Nauga).

Seems like the aeronautical engineering crowd wasn't really sold on the idea.
Or it just wasn't as big of a deal as all of the other things they were trying to deal with at the time. There are an awful lot of WWII era airplanes that were nicknamed the "Widowmaker" because we still didn't truly know how to make airplanes fly well at that point. We kinda figured it out by the end of the war, though.

Add Mgr. Laplace and the PTSD is in full effect...
Yanno, this thread was making me think of some work a friend's son was doing with Monsieur Fourier while engineering helicopters. It was actually pretty neat what he was doing.

I'd like to do some stuff with Fourier and music, myself, but I want a gadget that does all the dirty work for me!

If it's a myth explain to me how my blender makes those Margaritas
Any significant quantity of tequila is known to suspend the laws of physics for the individual who consumes it. :D
 
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Whoever wrote that article never had to wash the soot off of a turboprop. It is not the same on both sides and the elevator ;-)
On the TBMs, it's the top of the right wing that gets most of the soot.

Another cool one. This is a contrail from a Piper M600 that was 1000 feet above me crossing the ocean. Don't see too many single engine contrails. But definitely spiraling.
We always wondered whether we left a contrail in the TBM, until I got definitive proof one day (it gets better toward the end):


The hammerhead is an excellent maneuver to feel and understand the various forces discussed here.

1. During the pull to vertical, slight left rudder will be needed to offset gyroscopic precession and being faster than neutral yaw speed. But you won't notice it without a sight gauge.

2. During the vertical up, increasing right rudder is needed to offset slipstream, and right aileron is needed to offset torque. You will very much notice uncorrected yaw at the top.

3. When airspeed approaches zero, you will hear a rumbling sound. This is the slipstream drumming on the left side of the fuselage. It sounds like a drum is because of the prop blade pulses. The sound is very distinct, and is your signal to pivot. That sound is proof that spiraling slipstream exists and that it becomes compact when airspeed is slow.

4. When you kick rudder left, you will have plenty of control authority to quickly yaw 180 degrees, even at zero airspeed. That is because the rudder catches more of the slipstream.

5. If you try to kick right, you will have much less authority, AND you will be fighting the slipstream. The result will be a tail slide or uncontrolled sideways fall to the right, and probably a spin if you keep ham-handing it.

6. After you kick left and start to yaw, you will have to add full right aileron to offset torque and the lift generated by your right wing as it moves forward.

7. As the aircraft yaws left, you will have to apply about half forward stick to offset gyroscopic precession, which wants to raise the nose. This force is felt very strongly.

8. When you finish the 180 kick, you will have to momentarily apply right rudder to stop the yaw. You can neutralize pitch and yaw, but will have to hold in a small amount of right aileron to offset torque until airflow over the wings is restored.
This is an excellent description!

Of course, if you think about all those effects during the maneuver, you're guaranteed to mess it up. :rofl:

Just try to find that offset on any Cessna single. It ain't there.
Really? I could swear the dorsal on our old fixed-gear 182 had a noticeable offset when viewed from directly in front of the plane - Like, where the dorsal comes up from the fuselage isn't even that close to the center.
 
This is an excellent description!

Of course, if you think about all those effects during the maneuver, you're guaranteed to mess it up. :rofl:

That's why we practice. Over time, you become competent at recognizing and anticipating which forces are going to be felt most strongly in a given maneuver. Some of that is just memory. For instance, large pitch changes at very slow airspeed feel strong gyroscopic precession. Pulls are left rudder, pushes are right. Vertical lines up strongly feel slipstream as speed decays. Full power and low airflow over the wings means torque.

Since you are graded on precision of lines and radiuses, anticipating and compensating for all felt forces is important for a good score.

Aerobatics is more than just pulling G's. The slow speed stuff really develops your stick and rudder skills. An airplane can be "flown" well below stall speed.

Hopefully I'm planting the seed of interest in a couple of readers. :)
 
Aerobatics is more than just pulling G's. The slow speed stuff really develops your stick and rudder skills. An airplane can be "flown" well below stall speed. Hopefully I'm planting the seed of interest in a couple of readers. :)
When I was giving Stearmans rides years ago, I tended toward maneuvers that were probably ugly to watch but more comfortable for the passengers. I did loops with a 2-g pull until I got full elevator, and needed full left rudder over the top. I held full elevator until I got a nibble of stall buffet (pointed straight down) and eased off the elevator to maintain the buffet until I got back to level flight, again about 2-g max in the back side.

Boring to read about, ugly to watch, but aerodynamically interesting (at least to me) by the time I found the right combination.
 
... This is popularly exemplified by Zeno's paradoxes - that an arrow shot towards a target never arrives because it travels 1/2 the distance in 1/2 the time and that is divisible into 1/4 - 1/4, 1/8 - 1/8, ad infinitum. ...
Ah, Zeno's arrow and grasshopper. They were always specious. As N goes from 1 to infinity, the infinite sum of (1 / 2^N) equals 1, so they both travel the full distance. The sum is finite in both space and time and they do reach their destination. Of course we knew that in reality since we've watched grasshoppers and arrows reach their destinations. The math of splitting it into ever-smaller halves is also correct and gives the same answer. What is incorrect is Zeno's interpretation.
 
... needed full left rudder over the top.

Gyroscopic precession, similar to a humpty bump.

Boring to read about, ugly to watch, but aerodynamically interesting (at least to me) by the time I found the right combination.

And refined your control feel at MCA, which made you a better pilot in other situations.
 
Really? I could swear the dorsal on our old fixed-gear 182 had a noticeable offset when viewed from directly in front of the plane - Like, where the dorsal comes up from the fuselage isn't even that close to the center.
I worked on a lot of 182s and never noticed any fin offset.

We had a long discussion on POA about this a few years ago: https://www.pilotsofamerica.com/community/threads/didja-ever-notice.125559/

From a 182Q POH:

1763836001449.png

It looks like there might be a tiny fin offset to the left. Very small.

From a Cessna P210 POH:

1763836069962.png

No fin offset, but the offset engine is apparent.

From a Cherokee 235 POH:

1763836147925.png

Small fin offset shown, and the angled engine is very apparent.
 
I worked on a lot of 182s and never noticed any fin offset.

We had a long discussion on POA about this a few years ago: https://www.pilotsofamerica.com/community/threads/didja-ever-notice.125559/

From a 182Q POH:

View attachment 147412

It looks like there might be a tiny fin offset to the left. Very small.

From a Cessna P210 POH:

View attachment 147413

No fin offset, but the offset engine is apparent.

From a Cherokee 235 POH:

View attachment 147414

Small fin offset shown, and the angled engine is very apparent.
I don’t think I’d accept a poh drawing as proof of anything but the rough shape of the aircraft. lol

Not that I’m disagreeing with you. I’ve never looked a Cessna close enough to notice. It was very obvious in my Mooney, and is obvious in my Nanchang.
 
That's why we practice. Over time, you become competent at recognizing and anticipating which forces are going to be felt most strongly in a given maneuver.
When I learned hammerheads, the key was to be told "Just look at a spot on the horizon past the wing - Then keep your eyes there as you kick it over and try to slice the nose and the other wing through that same spot." Then, my flying brain just did all of the stuff automatically. It was really cool.

Hopefully I'm planting the seed of interest in a couple of readers. :)
I found aerobatics to be really addictive, right up until I saw how expensive it was to buy the higher performance aerobatic planes. :( Later I was in a club with a 7ECA Citabria, and while you can make it do some things that are theoretically defined as aerobatic, it's not nearly as fun. Starting a loop by going full power and pointing the nose at the ground and waiting feels more like work than just deciding "Hey, I want to do a loop" and pulling back on the stick. It definitely takes a better pilot to complete the maneuvers properly in the 7ECA than something like a Pitts or Extra, but it's not as fun.
 
It definitely takes a better pilot to complete the maneuvers properly in the 7ECA than something like a Pitts or Extra, but it's not as fun.

I owned a 7ECA back in the day, and taught very basic aerobatic maneuvers in it.

14113430565_b16ffc85bd_z.jpg


Somewhere I have a magazine article that compared it to a singing dog - the amazing thing is not that it sings well, it’s that it can sing at all!
 
No idea if it's true, but years ago I heard that a Citabria was a great aircraft to get spin instruction in for a GA pilot, because it flies pretty much like any typical GA aircraft AND with an instructor that knows what they're doing it's completely safe to spin in.
 
No idea if it's true, but years ago I heard that a Citabria was a great aircraft to get spin instruction in for a GA pilot, because it flies pretty much like any typical GA aircraft AND with an instructor that knows what they're doing it's completely safe to spin in.

I think that's a fair statement. Like most taildraggers, it has a large rudder, which makes it easier to spin and easier to recover. Nothing is completely safe, but an Airbatic is about as benign as it gets. IMO it is near the top of the fun for your money scale.
 
:) Ok, now I want to find one, and an instructor to match, and try some spins. Some of the most fun I've ever had was flying a cub. (Yep, I know, cubs are fine to spin, too, but I didn't get that opportunity when I had them available to me to fly.)
 
I think that's a fair statement. Like most taildraggers, it has a large rudder, which makes it easier to spin and easier to recover. Nothing is completely safe, but an Airbatic is about as benign as it gets. IMO it is near the top of the fun for your money scale.
I agree with all that but I'm of the opinion that benign and easier to recover doesn't necessarily make the ideal spin trainer. Something that will bang your head off the canopy on entry and leave you wondering if it's going to recover can teach you some motivation to avoid them and know your recovery procedures cold. :)

I've never used anything but PARE in Citabrias (all of two flown, but lotsa spins), is it practical to use different techniques to recover? It's good to practice procedures and it's also fun to look at the difference in spin characteristics with different inputs.

Nauga,
who has on occasion had a lot of time to think about things as the world flashed by sideways
 
I agree with all that but I'm of the opinion that benign and easier to recover doesn't necessarily make the ideal spin trainer. Something that will bang your head off the canopy on entry and leave you wondering if it's going to recover can teach you some motivation to avoid them and know your recovery procedures cold. :)
When I was a kid we had a Spezio Tuholer that I accidentally got into a stall with a bit of wing drop while <doing stupid things over people I knew>. My not yet developed frontal lobe said, “huh…maybe I should know how this thing recovers from spins.” The logbooks showed that the builder had spun it, so “it must st be ok.”

I gave myself less than half a tank of gas so I wouldn’t get splashed in the face when it came out of the vented cap, climbed to 5000 ft AGL, and did a 1-turn spin, then applied recovery inputs. About 3/8 of a turn later, it reversed direction. Full opposite rudder and immediately back to neutral, and smoothly pull out of the dive. “Interesting, I better try that again.”

8 or 10 more, all with the same result, and I decided to call it good. Landed at my uncle’s strip, and on my way to the house for a cookie, I took my pulse…somewhere around 160 bpm. Checked the CG after I got home.

Nobody ever told me my dad said “Damn kid,” after I left the room on that one, so it musta’ been ok. :rolleyes:
 
No idea if it's true, but years ago I heard that a Citabria was a great aircraft to get spin instruction in for a GA pilot, because it flies pretty much like any typical GA aircraft
Well, almost. Did you know that "Citabria" is "Adverse Yaw" spelled backwards? :rofl:
 
When I was a lot younger, I did a few things, especially around driving, that only luck saved me from. Even young me was smart enough to realize after most of them that it was luck...but I wasn't smart enough to avoid them in the first place. These days, I'm much more the chicken, to the point that I like being able to say "yep, tried that with somebody that could teach it, yep, I can do it, no, don't want to necessarily do it again."
 
It all makes sense now; this is is actually a strake to correct the slipstream.

GeorgeC,
who paddles right out of the mess

step.jpeg
 
It all makes sense now; this is is actually a strake to correct the slipstream.
No, that's 'the step' that everyone talks about cruising on. It's a little too cold and breezy out there for me so I take the efficiency hit and stay inside where I won't spill my drink.

Nauga,
hit or myth
 
Ah yes....2025, opinions are sacrosanct. The laws of physics after all, are just suggestions. I knew after my first 100hrs my CFI was full of ***t. Thanks to those who pointed out the bugs on the bottom of the canard, I never knew they were there, I let my short wife clean those off. Just think, another generation or two and we will have "pilots" with no training, no medical certification, and our airplanes will be autonomous. Hell, we might well all be airline pilots.
 
FWIW, on the P-51 there is so much torque that you need full left aileron at liftoff speed to counteract it.
I encountered a rebuilt P-51 that had crashed when the previous owner, inadequately trained, went to full power in a landing overshoot. The airplane rolled over, dove in and killed him. Can't use full power on takeoff.

The prop turns clockwise. You'd need right aileron.
 
Can't use full power on takeoff.
I was briefed that you one could but needed to be prepared to compensate for the torque and don't get slow.
We did not, as there was nothing to be gained from it.

The prop turns clockwise. You'd need right aileron.
Hehe...good catch.

Nauga,
and torque rolls with turkey
 
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Oh, it's real. Just not as dramatic as the tightly-wound corkscrews that spin like tornadoes behind the propeller, as depicted by CFIs when you allow them access to a whiteboard and a marker.

The FAA diagram looks dramatic enough . 1764126574658.jpeg
 
So I’m reading the October issue of AOPA magazine, where an entire article is dedicated to why spiraling slipstream is a myth and mathematically is not possible. So, in this month’s issue a letter to the editor from an Ag pilot states that spiraling slipstream is very real, and they have to rig the sprayers to compensate. e.g. more sprayers on the right side.

What say you?
The FAA doesn’t publish myths in their training materials.
 
1.73 squared equals 3 centrifugal force
1 squared equals 1 gravity, by default is 1
1 plus 3 equals 4 sum of the squares of two short sides
Square root of 4 equals 2 Pythagoras sum of the squares rule

Right triangles vectors are easy.

What am I missing? It is 65 years since I studied this, so may have forgotten something...
 
You guys are missing the myth. In a fixed reference frame, centrifugal force is a fictional force; what really occurs is centripetal force.
 
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