Cirrus down 9A5, south of Chattanooga

FWIW: It was my understanding the BRS was going to be an integral part of the SR20 from day one. When it came time for certification, since the BRS provided an equal method of compliance for the Part 23 spin resistance requirement, Cirrus requested an exemption which was approved by the FAA. The EASA CS-23 certification process does not permit exemptions so the SR20 had to meet those spin resistance requirements. As I recall there are several EASA technical documents that discuss this in detail. So it was probably more an economic reason Cirrus went the exemption route vs the test route on the FAA side.
Exactly. Alan Klapmeier was involved in a mid-air collision in 1985 - Report attached, he was the guy under the hood in the 182. That is why the Cirrus has a chute.
 

Attachments

Not to be miserable, but I don't think you're going to recover from a spin in a 172, PA28, or Cirrus from 500' AGL.
 
Not even remotely miserable. I think the whole "spin recovery" discussion was a red herring.
Not to be miserable, but I don't think you're going to recover from a spin in a 172, PA28, or Cirrus from 500' AGL.
 
Not to be miserable, but I don't think you're going to recover from a spin in a 172, PA28, or Cirrus from 500' AGL.

Not even remotely miserable. I think the whole "spin recovery" discussion was a red herring.
Yeah, I'm the schmuck who brought it up during earlier discussion about the general handling characteristics of the Cirri line. The bigger point of discussion was how easily recognizable an impending stall is in a Cirrus, and how quickly a developed stall could be recovered. There was also some discussion as to the degree of rudder authority in Cirri, and xwind handling. I thought the fact that Cirrus elected to fall back on the 'chute rather than directly demonstrate spin recovery capability to the FAA had some bearing in that broader discussion of Cirrus rudder authority.
It depends on how quickly you recognize it, which ain't likely that quick, as you already backed yourself into a corner without noticing.
This 100%. (In general, regardless of aircraft being flown. Probably not relevant to this accident.)
 
I dunno man, not knowing a thing doesn't make someone a schmuck. That's just a step on the path to knowledge.
Yeah, I'm the schmuck who brought it up during earlier discussion about the general handling characteristics of the Cirri line. The bigger point of discussion was how easily
 
Let me repeat something that I’ve harped on before…

I’ll stipulate that steep banks in the pattern are generally not a good idea. With proper planning they can mostly be avoided.

But a worse idea is training a pilot not to exceed a certain arbitrary bank angle (20°? 30°?) in the pattern. Or even a broader “avoid excessive banking in the pattern”. When either of those are drilled into a pilot, when faced with a desire to tighten up a turn, their only option is to use rudder to speed things up. I think that’s when a stall/spin is likely, not when a competent pilot uses the bank he or she needs in a coordinated fashion.

What bites pilots apparently hasn’t changed in the last 80 years or so. From “Stick and Rudder”:

8521500348_9b792eb64a_c.jpg
 
IN MY OPINION!
Training should not cover engine out landing with gust cross wind landings at the same landing. PERIOD

Commercial pilots should be skilled in both maneuvers.

In real life, they may happen together, but extremely rare.

Spin recovery in a C172, on my PPL check ride, power on full stall, as the stall occurred, the DPE kicked the rudder hard, and we spun. Recovery was in much less than 500 feet, and I think less than a quarter turn, I started recovery as soon as turning started. That was in the days of mandatory spins before a PPL was issued.

I found that in otherwise level flight, pre stall buffet was clearly recognizable well before actual stall in Piper j 3, Cessna 150, 172, and 182, and Piper 180, 182 and 200. Cessna 177 was less informative of approach to stall, and more abrupt at the stall. I trained PPL, Commercial, and Instrument in all but the 177, but had two thorough check rides in 177's with both engines. I was not using noise canceling headsets in those days..................

The wing strut Cessna's had a higher angle of attack on the wing inside the strut than the outboard portion, so the inner stalled while the outboard and ailerons were till smooth flow. That put the pre stall turbulent airflow just outside the windows, and clearly audible.

Doing Chandelle's to 45 degrees with the ball centered throughout the maneuver certainly improves control co ordination.
 
I may be starting to sound like a broken record I can't believe how much I've learned here, while dodging thrown shoes; pre-stall buffet being audible is a new one. Chapeau Geezer!
The wing strut Cessna's had a higher angle of attack on the wing inside the strut than the outboard portion, so the inner stalled while the outboard and ailerons were till smooth flow. That put the pre stall turbulent airflow just outside the windows, and clearly audible.

Doing Chandelle's to 45 degrees with the ball centered throughout the maneuver certainly improves control co ordination.
 
Spin recovery in a C172, on my PPL check ride, power on full stall, as the stall occurred, the DPE kicked the rudder hard, and we spun. Recovery was in much less than 500 feet, and I think less than a quarter turn, I started recovery as soon as turning started. That was in the days of mandatory spins before a PPL was issued.
Spins as a private pilot requirement were removed in 1949.
 
I can't believe how much I've learned here, while dodging thrown shoes; pre-stall buffet being audible is a new one.

Back when I use to fly a Challenger II CWS, a friend had a Challenger with fabric wings. When it got slow the lower wing fabric would make a skittering noise that he likened to the sound of mice running through the wings ... :biggrin:
 
The Geezer is 91, and his first flight with an instructor was in 1946.

edited to add:

Both my instructor that signed me off, and the DPE thought that removing spins was a bad idea. The DPE checked my log to see if I had spin training.

I agree.
 
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One thing that people don't seem to realize is that a turn can be a 3-dimensional maneuver. Need a tighter turn? Let the nose drop to reduce the load factor, let the airspeed increase a bit, once done level off and re-stabilize things before descending again.
 
One thing that people don't seem to realize is that a turn can be a 3-dimensional maneuver. Need a tighter turn? Let the nose drop to reduce the load factor, let the airspeed increase a bit, once done level off and re-stabilize things before descending again.
Heck yeah. When I had my engine out event, I did a tight diving 180 to high short final and then sorted out the touchdown. Make the field.
 
One thing that people don't seem to realize is that a turn can be a 3-dimensional maneuver. Need a tighter turn? Let the nose drop to reduce the load factor, let the airspeed increase a bit, once done level off and re-stabilize things before descending again.

Yup, can’t stall if you’re basically falling through the turn.
 
But a worse idea is training a pilot not to exceed a certain arbitrary bank angle (20°? 30°?) in the pattern. Or even a broader “avoid excessive banking in the pattern”. When either of those are drilled into a pilot, when faced with a desire to tighten up a turn, their only option is to use rudder to speed things up. I think that’s when a stall/spin is likely, not when a competent pilot uses the bank he or she needs in a coordinated fashion.

What bites pilots apparently hasn’t changed in the last 80 years or so. From “Stick and Rudder”:

8521500348_9b792eb64a_c.jpg
I've never understood the idea of tightening a turn with rudder. If you've overshot base, just keep that bank a little longer than come back. Unless you're doing power off 180's, youve got time to correct. If not, go around.
 
I've never understood the idea of tightening a turn with rudder. If you've overshot base, just keep that bank a little longer than come back. Unless you're doing power off 180's, youve got time to correct. If not, go around.
Exactly. At most of our airports today, a centerline overshoot is a non-issue. The runway is 5,000' long. If you overshoot, just continue the turn, align a little later, and land 500' further down the runway than you originally intended. Yeah, I know. "That's not a stabilized approach!!" Fire up the torches and sharpen the pitchforks.

There are few things more satisfying to me than executing an unstabilized approach where I use bank and pitch to control the touchdown point and the first time the airplane is on the centerline is as the wheels touch.
 
Exactly. At most of our airports today, a centerline overshoot is a non-issue. The runway is 5,000' long. If you overshoot, just continue the turn, align a little later, and land 500' further down the runway than you originally intended. Yeah, I know. "That's not a stabilized approach!!" Fire up the torches and sharpen the pitchforks.

There are few things more satisfying to me than executing an unstabilized approach where I use bank and pitch to control the touchdown point and the first time the airplane is on the centerline is as the wheels touch.
I've done it more than I'd like to admit at my 3000'x45' airport. With my normal 3/4 mile final it's still a non event.

But even doing power off 180's. You haven't lost the engine. Worst case should be,"oops, bungled that one."
 
I've never understood the idea of tightening a turn with rudder.

It’s not so much an idea, nor is it “a lack of understanding what the rudder does and how an aircraft turns”.

I think it’s a reflex. One needs to tighten a turn, and the rudder is effective in moving the nose in the direction you desperately want it to move in. Instructors see it all the time, regardless of a student’s understanding of aerodynamics. It's the instructor’s role to try to overcome that reflex, but like in the “Stick and Rudder” excerpt above it’s a very powerful reflex, and can rear its ugly head during times of stress.

I think it’s analogous to seeing some pilots trying to “steer” the plane back to the centerline with the yoke after a sudden swerve away from it. You can see that in some YouTube videos of runway excursions, and I’ve seen it in some rather experienced pilots.
 
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It’s not so much an idea, nor is it “a lack of understanding what the rudder does and how an aircraft turns”.

I think it’s a reflex. One needs to tighten a turn, and the rudder is effective in moving the nose in the direction you desperately want it to move in. Instructors see it all the time, regardless of a student’s understanding of aerodynamics. It's the instructor’s role to try to overcome that reflex, but like in the “Stick and Rudder” excerpt above it’s a very power reflex, and can rear its ugly head during times of stress.
Another factor is that tens of thousands of pilots were trained in the '40s to use rudder to turn. The original Link Trainer had an artificial horizon that worked with pendulums, not a gyro. "Coordinated" turns were done with rudder only, due to the lack of centrifugal force during turns.
1743263927629.png
Mind you, the REAL airplanes used for trainers should have pointed this out. But.....

Ron Wanttaja
 
Another factor is that tens of thousands of pilots were trained in the '40s to use rudder to turn. The original Link Trainer had an artificial horizon that worked with pendulums, not a gyro. "Coordinated" turns were done with rudder only, due to the lack of centrifugal force during turns.
View attachment 139420
Mind you, the REAL airplanes used for trainers should have pointed this out. But.....

Ron Wanttaja
One of the things that was fun about those old trainers was the sound effects. They were complex mechanical contraptions with every kind of servo and gizmo you could think of. Good memories!
 
Another factor is that tens of thousands of pilots were trained in the '40s to use rudder to turn. The original Link Trainer had an artificial horizon that worked with pendulums, not a gyro. "Coordinated" turns were done with rudder only, due to the lack of centrifugal force during turns.
View attachment 139420
Mind you, the REAL airplanes used for trainers should have pointed this out. But.....

Ron Wanttaja
I was trying to figure out the diagram until I actually read the description. I got distracted by the colors. Thats wild.
 
I was trying to figure out the diagram until I actually read the description. I got distracted by the colors. Thats wild.
The chart is from a presentation I give on the original Link Trainer. They were fascinating devices...analog computers using vacuum as a "working fluid." When you climb, air is sucked out of a tank. Do a level turn, and small valves ooze a bit of vacuum out of the tank to show the loss of altitude unless you apply back pressure. Airspeed is "stored" in a vacuum manifold; dive the airplane and more vacuum is applied. The electronics on the device are basically there to translate the various pressures to needle positions on the gauges.

The vacuum in the airspeed manifold holds a flapper valve shut. If the airspeed (vacuum) gets too low, the flapper valve opens and the Link is "stalled".... vacuum is drained out of the altitude tank to make the Link "descend." At the same time, there's a left-and-right valve that flips over and puts the Link into a spin.

Oh, and because the stall valve would close if the Link is pitched down, the Link spins nose-high....
1743278643325.png

The aircraft attitude was set by (what else?) vacuum bellows. Four for roll and pitch, with vacuum sucking down full when in level flight. Roll the wheel to the left, and the right-side bellows gets a little less vacuum.
1743278439913.png

I doubt a modern engineering student could re-create it.

Ron Wanttaja
 
The chart is from a presentation I give on the original Link Trainer. They were fascinating devices...analog computers using vacuum as a "working fluid." When you climb, air is sucked out of a tank. Do a level turn, and small valves ooze a bit of vacuum out of the tank to show the loss of altitude unless you apply back pressure. Airspeed is "stored" in a vacuum manifold; dive the airplane and more vacuum is applied. The electronics on the device are basically there to translate the various pressures to needle positions on the gauges.

The vacuum in the airspeed manifold holds a flapper valve shut. If the airspeed (vacuum) gets too low, the flapper valve opens and the Link is "stalled".... vacuum is drained out of the altitude tank to make the Link "descend." At the same time, there's a left-and-right valve that flips over and puts the Link into a spin.

Oh, and because the stall valve would close if the Link is pitched down, the Link spins nose-high....
View attachment 139427

The aircraft attitude was set by (what else?) vacuum bellows. Four for roll and pitch, with vacuum sucking down full when in level flight. Roll the wheel to the left, and the right-side bellows gets a little less vacuum.
View attachment 139426

I doubt a modern engineering student could re-create it.

Ron Wanttaja
Cool! Very steampunk.
 
Sir, this is the best thing I've read online in ages. 91, flying, schooling the youngsters *and* swimming in a technically janky forum. I want to be more like you when I grow up! Please start a thread for the stories!
(spin training was the very fist thing I did after I got my PPL)
 
@wanttaja, I would *love* to see that presentation. Does this video get a thumbs up from you?
I'm on the road right now, will check the video out later in the week.

I've given the presentation to EAA chapters and warbird groups, but none have recorded it yet.

I have a Zoom account (no time restrictions) and could set up for an online show.

Ron Wanttaja
 
How about the CFIs that teach their students to make standard rate turns on the pattern?

I’ve never heard of that. Seems like that would result in pretty shallow and prolonged turns.

I’d prefer a much tighter pattern, and I’m pretty sure that mandates much more than standard rate turns.
 
Yes please!
I'm on the road right now, will check the video out later in the week.

I've given the presentation to EAA chapters and warbird groups, but none have recorded it yet.

I have a Zoom account (no time restrictions) and could set up for an online show.

Ron Wanttaja
 
@wanttaja, I would *love* to see that presentation. Does this video get a thumbs up from you?
This is very interesting. I've always thought of the Link as a cousin to the 25¢ fiberglass horsey rides outside Rexall drugstores. Obviously I was misinformed.
 
This is very interesting. I've always thought of the Link as a cousin to the 25¢ fiberglass horsey rides outside Rexall drugstores. Obviously I was misinformed.
Ed Link's goal was to produce a training device for aviation. However, the "fiberglass horsey" aspect helped fund his startup...48 out of the first 50 Link Aviation Trainers went to arcades.

Link was taught to fly by Sidney Chaplin... Charlie's brother.

Ron Wanttaja
 
IN MY OPINION!
Training should not cover engine out landing with gust cross wind landings at the same landing. PERIOD

Commercial pilots should be skilled in both maneuvers.

In real life, they may happen together, but extremely rare.
As a commercial pilot, I've done around 400 "engine out" landings. Many of them with gutsy crosswinds. I'd say you're either good at gusty crosswind landings or you aren't; I don't know what the engine has to do with it.

As for the chances of having a gusty crosswind on a day when you have a real emergency, they're the same as the chances of having a gusty crosswind on any other day.....
 
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