The risk is eliminated or at least minimized if the good vehicle is NOT running during the jump. Yes, I know this is contrary to the instructions provided by "experts".
The problem is due to a phenomenon known as "load dump". When the dead vehicle is cranking, its starter is probably drawing...
Kinda hit-or-miss, but if they have it the price is usually decent: preferredairparts.com. If you have the part number, you can search their inventory on line.
The peak voltage in the primary winding is much higher than 14V because of the "inductive spike" generated when the points open (or the transistor turns off). 100-200V typically. Same deal with magnetos.
That is NOT how you measure the turns ratio in a transformer. A common method is to...
How do you figure that? My simplistic calculation: If primary current is two amps and coil turns ratio is 100, then secondary current would be 2/100 amps or 20 milliamps.
FYI, the broken ring in the picture is the second compression ring, not the oil ring. However, it does act as an oil scraper and can have an effect on consumption as you noticed.
This one claims a cutting height from one to four inches:
https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01N7K4BNX/?tag=thewire06-20&linkCode=xm2&ascsubtag=AwEAAAAAAAAAAOBU
Lycoming's limit for oil consumption is 0.006 x BHP x 4 ÷ 7.4 = Qt./Hr. They do not say whether BHP is the rated power or the operating power e.g. 65% of rated. So let us take the smaller number: .006 X 180 X 0.65 X 4 ÷ 7.4 = 0.38 Qt/hr. This is almost double your actual rate of 0.2 Qt/hr...
A couple more suggestions:
1. When you polarize the generator, ground the field through an ammeter and check for around 2 amps of current.
2. I would not trust the months old inspection, as a failure could have occurred since. Remove the generator and re-inspect brushes, springs and...