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It's not about "away" or "toward". It's not about "left" or "right". It's about fly a heading on the side the needle swings toward. Think of it as, the needle is pointing toward a heading you need to fly to intercept whatever is at the top of the dial.

It is correct. It doesn't matter which radial you put on top. For example, 45 or 225. One way, the needle swings left, the other way, it swings right, but in both cases, the headings you need to turn to are on the same side the needle swings. This method eliminates the bugaboo of "reverse...

I get the same symptom during ultra endurance sports events as I approach my limits. First, I start to lose peripheral vision. If I don't slow down or stop, it gradually tunnels in and then colors fade to grey. When pushing the limits I keep aware of this so I can avoid pushing too hard, passing...

Regarding reverse sensing, here's a way to think about it differently. If the needle is not centered, then it's swinging left or right. If you look at the radial numbers around the dial, following any of them on the same side as the needle, will take you to radial that is dialed in at the top...

If "Sats to 84" means your blood O2 saturation level was 84%, that is too low and unsafe for flying, at risk of impaired judgement and cognitive function.

If you have an O2 sensor, just go ahead while monitoring. Start descending if the O2 drops to the low 90s. One thing that is helpful at high altitude is called pressure breathing. Exhale more completely than you do with normal breathing, and same with inhaling. Not quickly, it's not...

Indeed. If adding as little as 0.05% of TEL makes a significant difference in performance, then removing it obviously does too. Yet the original question was whether removing it significantly changes the ratios of the remaining ingredients, specifically octane boosters like Xylene and Toluene...

How much the ratios of remaining ingredients changes, depends on the volume of TEL that was removed. We can quantify this. The data sheet for 100LL says it has 0.53 mL / L of TEL. By my calculations that's 0.053%. If you remove it, the total volume drops by that fraction, to 99.947% of what it...

The ideal experiment is a random controlled trial over a large number of airplanes, better yet blind so the people fueling, flying, and measuring valve clearances don't even know which fuel was used. The UND study got one part right: a large number of airplanes. But they didn't randomize or...

Correct. What is your point?

True, and this is even more so for carburetors having a full throttle enrichment circuit (sometimes called the "economizer") which distorts the mixture distribution even more. Put differently, at WOT it enriches all cylinders, but some more than others.

When running 100LL in an O-360 or O-320, you can and should lean it any time you are less than 70% power. That's actually good for the engine, keeps the plugs and valves clean. Just make sure you have sufficient airflow for cooling. But if you don't and the engine temps start to rise, usually...

These O-360 engines have STCs for 91 octane mogas in some configurations. For example, the O-360-A4M in the Cessna 172. If that caused valve recession one would expect to know this already since it's been out there for years. Is there something different about 94 UL versus 91 auto gas?

Out here in the NW, we must consider forest fire season, typically June-Sep. The smoke causes poor visibility, forest fighting TFRs, and sometimes closes airports. So Apr-May or Sep-Oct would be best for cross-state flights.

Sadly, it did make a couple of splashes, one of which was fatal (though not the fault of the aircraft).

I'm not going to join that argument, but will quibble with your terminology. Capitalism is a general term meaning only that the means of production and other property are largely owned and operated by private individuals or groups. It has many variations, some of which tend to concentrate wealth...

Sunquest at KPAE repainted my airplane in 2013 (plus new windshield, fairings, wingtips, etc.). Just last year, 10 years later, there were a few isolated spots showing signs of corrosion just beginning to develop, and other areas where the paint was peeing or faded. I'm happy with that, since my...

36 years ago is about when Lycoming started using hardened valve seats. Coincidence? Even if not, that would only affect the heads.

Another aspect of constant speed props is power output. Power moves the airplane, and power is torque * RPM. And power is also thrust * speed. Consider a typical engine with fixed pitch prop that has relatively flat torque vs. RPM and redlines at 2700 PRM. Static RPM full throttle sea level will...

Most fixed pitch props are pitched to optimize cruise rather than climb. That means relatively more (coarser) blade pitch. You sacrifice takeoff roll and climb performance for cruise speed & efficiency. But you can get a "climb prop" having less (finer, flatter) blade pitch optimized for takeoff...